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Acknowledgments
01. Your Trees
02. The Wildwood
03. Aloft
04. Down Under
05. Pruning Shade Trees
06. Repairing Wounds
07. Pests And Parasites
08. The Naked Acre
09. Trees As Futures
10. Fruits + Nuts
11. Arboreal Geriatrics
12. Pirates + Gypsies
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Appendix |
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Shade Tree Values
Without expanding this book beyond a size proportionate to its purpose it was impossible to deal at any length with the special tree problems and tree values of special regions like Florida or Southern California. It would have been nice to include mention of Alaska's graceful and valuable balsam poplar and yellow cedar, and of sandalwood in Hawaii and experiments in those islands with English oak and other exotics as sources of lumber. But there simply was not room for such tempting frills.
However, to augment the book's range and usefulness, space has been made in this Appendix for "Shade Tree Evaluation," the authoritative listing and grading of North American home-grounds species, published jointly by the National Shade Tree Conference and the National Arborist Association, with whose permissions it is presented here. The lists have been rearranged for the convenience of non-professionals by alphabetizing the English names and italicizing their Latin names in parentheses. For explanation of how the "Shade Tree Evaluation" formula is applied, see Chapter IX.
The authors of "Shade Tree Evaluation" currently contemplate a revision of their lists, but this will not importantly affect the present scales except to raise the values assigned to certain of the smaller, ornamental species.
States and Provinces included in each of the regions in the lists of trees are:
I. New England: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont.
II. Eastern: New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania.
III. Southern: Alabama, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia.
IV. Central: Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, Ohio.
V. Midwestern: Arkansas, Colorado, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Wisconsin.
VI. Western: Arizona, California, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming, British Columbia.
VII. Eastern Canada: Ontario and Quebec.
REGION I-NEW ENGLAND
Class No. 1—100%
Beech, American (Fagus grandi-folia) Birch, European White (Betulapendula) Hemlock, Canada (Tsuga canadensis) Locust, Common Honey (Gleditsia triacanthos)
Maple, Sugar (Acer saccharum) Oak: Eastern Red (Quercus borealis maxima) Pin (Quercus palustris) Scarlet (Quercus coccinea) Swamp White (Quercus bv color)
White (Quercus alba) Pine, Eastern White (Pinus strobus)
Serviceberry, Shadblow (Amel-anchier canademis)
Tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) Tupelo, Black (Nyssa sylvatica)
Class No. 2-80%
Apple, Common (Malus pumila) Ash: Black (Fraxinus nigra)
European Mountain (Sorbus aucuparia) Green {Fraxinus pennsylvanica lanceolata) Red (Fraxinus pennsylvanica)
White (Fraxinus americana) Birch: River (Betula nigra) Sweet (Betulalenta) Hickory: Bitternut (Carya cordiformis)
Mockerrmt (Carya to-mentosa)
Pignut (Carya glabra) Shagbark (Carya ovata) Maple, Red (Acer rubrum) Oak, Chestnut (Quercus montana)
Fear, Common (Pyrus communis) Pine, Red (Pinus resinosa) Sassafras (Sassafras albidum) Spruce, Black (Picea mariana) Walnut, Black (Juglansnigra)
Class No. 3-60%Ash, American Mountain (Sorbusamericana) Aspen, Quaking (Populus tremuloides)
Birch, Yellow (Betula lutea) Horsechestnut, Common (Aesculus hippocastanum) Linden, American [Basswood]
(Tilia americana) Oak: Black (Quercus velutina) Swamp Chestnut (Quercusprinus) Plane, American [Sycamore]
(Platanus occidentalis) Poplar: Balm of Gilead (Populuscandicans) Eastern (Populus deltoides)
Spruce, White (Picea glauca) Willow: Babylon Weeping (Salix babylonica) Black (Salix nigra) Brittle (Salix fragilis)
Shining (Salix lucida) White (Salix alba)
Aspen, Big-tooth (Populus grandidentata)
Birch, Gray (Betula populifolia) Cherry, Wild Black (Prunusserotina)
Elm: American (Ulmus americana)
Rock (Ulmus thomasii) Fir, Balsam (Abies balsamea) Larch, Eastern [Tamarack] (Larix kiricina)
Locust, Black (Robinia pseudo-acacia)
Maple, Silver (Acer saccharinum) Mulberry: Red (Morus alba)
White (Morus alba) Pine, Jack (Pinus banksiana) Poplar, White (Populus alba) Spruce, Red (Picea rubens) Tree-of-heaven [Ailanthus] (Ai-lanthus altissima)
Class No. 5—20%Boxelder (Acer negundo) Butternut (Juglans cinerea) Catalpa, Northern (Catalpa speciosa)
Elm, Slippery (Ulmus fulva) Pine, Pitch (Pinus rigida)
REGION II-EASTERN Class No. 1—100%Beech: American (Fagus grandifolia)
European (Fagus syl-vatica var.)
Crabapples, Flowering (Malus sp. and var.) Cypress, Common Bald (Taxodium distichum) Dogwood, Flowering (Cornus fiorida)
Elm, American (Vlmus americana)
Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) Hawthorn; Pauls Scarlet (Cra-taegus oxyacanthapaulii)
Washington (Crataegus phaenopyrum)
Hemlock, Canada (Tsuga canadensis)
Holly, American (Ilex opaca) Hornbeam, American (Carpinus caroliniana) Katsura tree (Cercidiphyllum \a-ponicum)
Locust, Moraine Thornless Honey (Gleditsia tnacanthos moraine) Magnolia, Cucumber-tree (Magnolia acuminata) Maple: Erect Norway (Acer platanoides erectum) Red (Acer rubrum) Sugar (Acer saccharum) Oak: Eastern Red (Quercus borealis maxima) Pin (Quercus palustris) Shingle {Quercus imbricaria) Shumard (Quercus shumardii)
White (Quercus alba) Willow (Quercus phellos) Sourwood (Qxydendrum arbo-reum)
Class No. 2-80%Ash, Green (Fraxinus pennsylvanica lanceolata) Cork tree, Amur (Phellodendron amurense) Goldenrain tree, Panicled (Koelreuteria paniculata) Hawthorns (Crataegus sp.) Hickory, Shagbark (Carya ovata)
Horsechestnut: Common (Aescu-lus hippocasta-nurn) Red (Aesculuscarnea)
Linden, Little-leaf {Tilia cot-data) Maple: Norway (Acer platanoides)
Schwedler Norway (Acer platanoides schwedleri)
Oak: Overcup (Quercus lyrata)
Scarlet (Quercus coccinea)
Swamp Chestnut (Quercus prinus) Swamp White (Quercus bicolor) Pagoda tree, Japanese (Sophorajaponica) Pine, Eastern White (Pinus strobus)
Plane: American [Sycamore]
(Platanus occidentalis) London (Platanus acerifolia) Serviceberry, Shadblow (Amelanchier canadensis) Sweetgum (Liquidamber styracif.ua) Tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipijera) Tupelo, Black [Blackgum] (Nyssasylvatica)
Walnut, Black (Juglans nigra) Yellowwood (Cladrastis luiea)
Class No. 3-60%Birch: Gray (Betula populifolia)
Yellow (Betula lutea) Buckeye, Ohio (Aesculus glabra) Coffee tree, Kentucky (Gymnocladus dioica)
Elm, English (Vlmus procera) Hackberry, Common (Celtis occidentalis)
Hickories (Carya sp.) Hophornbeam (Ostrya virginiana) Linden, American [Basswood]
(Tilia americana) Locust, Common Honey (Gledltsia triacanthos) Maple, Sycamore (Acer pseudoptatanus)
Oak: Bur (Quercus macrocarpa) Chestnut (Quercus montana)
Post (Quercus stellata) Upright English (Quercusrobur fastigiata) Persimmon, Common (Diospyros virginiana) Pine: Austrian (Pinus nigra)
Red (Pinus resinosa) Redbud, Eastern (Cercis canadensis) Sassafras, Common (Sassafras aubidum)
Spruce, Blue Colorado (Picea pungens glauca)
Class No. 4—40%Locust, Black (Robinia pseudo-acacia)
Maple, Silver (Acer saccharinum)
Mulberry (Moms sp.)
Osage-Orange (Madura pomi-fera)
Pawpaw, Common (Asimina tri-loba)
Spruce, Norway (Picea abies)
Willow, Babylon Weeping (Salix babylonica)
Class No. 5—20%Boxelder (Acer negundo) Catalpa, Northern (Catalpa speciosa)
Elm, Siberian (Ulmus pumila) Poplar: Eugene (Populus canadensis eugenei) Lombardy (Populus nigra)
Tree-of-heaven [Ailanthus] (Acanthus altissima) Willows (Salix sp.)
REGION III-SOUTHERN Class No. 1—100%Beech: American (Fagus grandi-folia)
European (Fagus sylvatica) Dogwood, Flowering (Cornusftorida)
Ginkgo (Ginhgo biloba) Holly, American (Ilex opaca) Locust, Moraine Thornless Honey (Gleditsia triacanthos moraine) Magnolia, Southern (Magnolia grandiftora)
Maple, Red (Acer rubrum) Oak: Bur (Quercus macrocarpa) Laurel (Quercus laurifolia)
Live (Quercus virginiana) Overcup (Quercus lyrata) Scarlet (Quercus coccinea) Shingle (Quercus imbricaria) Shumard (Quercus shumardii)
White (Quercus alba) Willow (Quercus phellos) Pine: Loblolly (Pinus taeda)
Long-leaf (Pinus palustris)
Class No. 2-80%Cypress, Common Bald (Taxo-dium distichum)
Ekn: American (Ulmus americana)
Cedar (Ulmus crassifolia) Rock (Ulmus thomasii) Winged (Ulmus alata) Goldenrain tree, Panicled (Koelreuteria paniculata) Hemlock; Canada (Tsuga canadensis) Carolina (Tsuga caroliniana) Locust, Thornless Honey (Gleditsia triacanthos inermis) Maple: Florida (Acer floridanum)
Sugar (Acer saccharum) Oak, Swamp Chestnut (Quercusprinus)
Pecan (Carya illinoensis) Pine, Eastern White (Pinus strobus) Sweetgum (Liquidambar styracifiua) Tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) Tupelo, Black [Blackgum] (Nyssa sylvatica) Walnut, Black (Juglans nigra)
Class No. 3-60%Ash, White (Fraxinus americana)
Buckeye, Ohio (Aesculus glabra)
Cedar: Atlas (Cedrus atlantica) of Lebanon (Cedrus li-bani)
Hickories (Carya var.)
Hophornbeam, American (Ostrya virginiana)
Hornbeam, American (Carpinus caToliniana)
Horsechestnut, Common (Aesculus hippocastanum)
Magnolia, Sweetbay (Magnolia virginiana)
Maple, Norway (Acer platanoi-des)
Oak, Southern Red (Quercus fat-cata) Plane, American [Sycamore]
(Platanus occidentalis) Sassafras, Common (Sassafras albidum) Serviceberry, Shadblow {Amelanchier canadensis) Sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum) Willow, Babylon Weeping (Salix babylonica) Yellowwood, American (Cladrastis lutea)
Class No. 4—40%Ash, Green (Fraxinus pennsylvanica lanceolata) Hackberry, Common (Celtis occidentalis)
Linden, Little-leaf (Tilia cordata) Magnolia, Cucumber-tree (Magnolia acuminata) Oak: Blackjack (Quercus marilandica)
Post (Quercus stellata) Water (Quercus nigra) Osage-Orange (Maclura pomi-fera)
Class No. 5—20%Boxelder (Acer negundo) Catalpa, Southern (Catalpa bignonioides) Cherry, Carolina Laurel (Prunus caroliniana)
Chinaberry (Melia azedarach) Elm, Siberian (Ulmus pumila) Locust, Black (Robina pseudo-acacia)
Maple, Silver (Acer saccharinum) Mulberry, Red (Morus rubra) Oak: Eastern Red (Quercus borealis maxima) Pin (Quercus palustris)
Persimmon (Diospyros virginiana)
Pine, Short-leaf {Finns echinata) Poplar: Eugene (Populus canadensis eugenei) Swamp [Swamp Cotton-wood] (Populus hete-rophylla)
Kedbud, Eastern (Cercis canadensis) Tree-of-heaven [Ailanthus] (Ail-
anthus altissima) Willow, Black (Salix nigra)
LARGE TREES—Mostly 60 feet and above
Elm: American (Ulmus americana)
Sarnia Smooth-leaf [Wheat-leyi] (Ulmus carpinifolia sarniensis)
Locust, Moraine Thornless Honey (Gleditsia triacanthos moraine)
Maple: Norway (Acer platanoides)
Sugar (Acer saccharum) Oak: Eastern Red (Quercus borealis maxima)
Scarlet (Quercus cocdnea) Schneck (Quercus shumardii schneckii) Shingle (Quercus imbricaria)
White (Quercus alba) Sweetgum, American (Liquidambar styracifiua)
Tupelo, Black [Sourgum] (Nyssa sylvatica)
MEDIUM TREES—Mostly 30 to 45 feet
Cork tree: Amur (Phellodendron amurense)
Sakhalin (Phellodendron sachalinense)
Ginkgo, Sentry (Ginkgo biloba fastigiata) Hophornbeam, American (Ostrya virginiana)
Linden, Little-leaf (Tilia cordata) Maple, Erect Norway (Acer platanoides erectum) Oak: Saw-tooth (Quercus acutissima)
Willow (Quercus phellos) Yellowwood, American (Chdrastis lutea)
SMALL TREES—Mostly 2,0 to 30 feet
Crabapples, Flowering (Malus sp. and var.) Dogwood: Flowering (Cornus florida)
Japanese Cornel (Cornus officina-lis) Goldenrain tree, Panicled (Koelreuteria paniculata) Hawthorn, Washington (Crataegus Phaenopyrum [cordata]) Hornbeam, Pyramid European (Carpinus betulus fastigiata) Magnolia, Saucer (Magnolia soulangeana) Maple: Mono (Acer mono) Tartarian (Acer tartari-cum)
Trident (Acer buergeri-anum)
LARGE TREES—Mostly 60 feet and above
Beech: American (Fagus grandi-folia)
Cut-leaf European (Fagus sylvatica heterophylla) European (Fagus sylvatica) Coffee tree, Kentucky (Gymnocladus dioica) Elm, English (Ulmus procera [campestris]) Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) King, Crimson See MAPLE Linden: Crimean (Tilia euchlora) Silver (Tilia tomentosa) Silver-pendent (Tilia petiolaris)
Magnolia, Cucumber-tree (Magnolia acuminata) Maple: Crimson King Norway
(Acer platanoides) Red (Acer rubrum) Schlesinger Red (Acer rubrum schlesingerii) Oak: Black (Quercus velutina) Chestnut (Quercus mon*tana)
Pin (Quercus palustris) Pagoda tree, Japanese (Sophora japonica) Plane, London (Platanus acerifolia)
Tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipi-fera)
MEDIUM TREES—Mostly 30 to 40 feet
Birch, River (Betuh nigra) Elm, Chinese [Asiatic] (Ulmus parvifolia)
Eucommia (Eucommia ulmoides) Goldenlarch, Lovely (Pseudolarix amabilis) Hornbeam, American (Carpinus caroliniana) Horsenut, Ruby Red (Aesculus carnea brtotii) Katsura tree (Cercidiphyllum japonicum)
Magnolia, Large Kobus (Magnolia kobus borealis) Maple: Column Red (Acer rubrum columnare) Hedge (Acer campestre) Upright Sugar (Acer sac-charum columnare) Oak: Chinkapin (Quercus muhlenbergii)
English (Quercus robur) Pyramidal English (Quercus robur fastigiata) Sassafras, Silky (Sassafras albidum molle)
Zelkova, Japanese (Zelkova ser-rata)
SMALL TREES—Mostly 20 to 30 feet
Cherries, Flowering (Prunus sp, and var.) Dogwood, Pagoda (Cornus alternifolia) Euonymus, Maack (Euonymus maackii) Hawthorn, Fleshy (Crataegus succulenta) Lilac, Japanese Tree (Syringa amurensis japonica) Magnolia: Kobus (Magnolia kobus) Purple Lily (Magnolia liliflora nigra) Sweetbay (Magnolia virginiana) Maple: Amur (Acer ginnala) Devil (Acer diabolicum)
Paperbark (Acer gri-Tschonoski (Acer tscho- noskii)
Vine (Acer circinatum)
Redbud: Eastern (Cercis canadensis)
White {Cercis canadensis alba)
Serviceberry, Alleghany (Ame-lanchier laevis)
Class No. 3-60%Large Trees—Mostly 60 feet and above
Ash: Blue (Fraxinus quadrangulata)
Green (Fraxinus pennsylvanica hnceohta)
White (Fraxinus americana) Cypress, Common Bald (Taxo-
dium distichum)
Elm, Rock (Ulmus ihomasii) Hackberry: Common (Celtis occidentalis)
Sugar (Celtis laevirgata [mississippi' ensis])
Kalopanax (Kalopanax pictus)
Larch, Japanese (Larix leptolepis)
Linden, Big-leaf (Tilia platyphyllos)
Maple, Sycamore (Acer pseudophtanus)
Oak, Laurel (Quercus laurifolia) Willow, Thurlow Weeping (Salix elegantissima
MEDIUM TREES—30 to 45 feet
Ash' European (Fraxinus excel, sio)
Birch, Paper (Betula papyrifera)
Cherry, Sargent (Frunus sargen-tii) Chestnut, Chinese (Castanea mollissima) Evodia, Hupeh (Evodia hupehen- sis) Hemiptelea, David (Hemiptelea davidii) Silverball, Mountain (Halesia monticola)
Small Trees—20 to 30 feet
Euonymus, Yeddo yedoensis)
Lilac, Pekin (Syringa pekinensis)
Class No. 4—40%No Large Trees in this class.
Medium Trees— Mostly 30 to 45 feet
Birch, Cut-leaf European White (Betula pendula gracilis)
Class No. 5—20%LARGE TREES—Mostly 60 feet and above
Elm, Siberian (Ulmus pumila)
Maple, Silver (Acer saccharium)
No Medium or Small Trees in class
Elm, American (Ulmus americana) Hackberry, Common (Celtis occidentalis) Horsechestnut, Common (Aesculus hippocastanum) Linden: American (Tilia americana) European (Tilia europaea) Locust, Thomless Honey (Gleditsia triacanthos inermis) Maple, Silver (Acer saccharinum) Oak, Bur (Quercus macrocarpa)
Class No. 2-80%Ash, Green (Fraxinus pennsylvanica lanceolata) Birch: Cut-leaf European White (Betula pendula graci-lis) European White (Betulapendula)
Gray (Betula populifolia)
Paper {Betula papyrifera)
Buckeye, Ohio (Aesculus glabra)
Catalpa, Northern (Catalpa speciosa)
Elm, English (Ulmus procera) Maple: Cut-leaf Silver (Acer saccharinum laciniatum) Norway (Acer platanoides)
Schwedler Norway (Acer phtanoides schwedleri) Sugar (Acer saccharum) Oak: English (Quercus robur) Pin (Quercus palustris) Southern Red (Quercus falcata)
Walnut, Eastern Black (Juglans nigra)
Class No. 3-60%Ash, White (Fraxinus americana) Cherry, Black (Prunus serotina)
Elm, Siberian (Ulmus pumila)
Larch (Larix sp.)
Maple, Sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) Mulberry: Red (Morus rubra)
Russian (Morus albatatarica) Oak: Scarlet (Quercus coccinea)
White (Quercus alba) Plane, American [Sycamore]
(Platanus occidentalis) Poplar, Plains (Populus sargen-tii)
Class No. 4—40%Boxelder (Acer negundo) Butternut (Juglans cinerea) Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) Poplar: Andrews (Populus andrewsii) Bolleana (Populus alba-bolleana) Eugene (Populus cana-densis eugenei) Lombardy (Populus nigraitalica) Narrow-leaf (Populus angustifolia)
Simon (Populus simonii) Southern [Balsam] (Populus deltoides missour-iensis)
White (Populus alba) Tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) Willows (Salix)
SMALL TREES Class No. 1—100%Ash: American Mountain (Sorbus americana) European Mountain (Sorbus aucuparia) Oakleaf Mountain (Sorbus hybrida)
Catalpa, Chinese (Catalpa ovata)
Cherry, Sour (Prunus cerasus)
Crabapple: Dolgo (Malus sp.)
Hopa (Malus pumila) Kedsilver (Mains pumila) Goldenrain tree, Panicled (Koelreuteria paniculata) Hawthorn: Cockspur (Crataeguscrusgalli)
Washington (Crataegus phaenopyrum)
Linden, Little-leaf (TUia cordata)
Maple, Amur (Acer ginnala) Olive, Russian (Eleagnus angustifolia) Pagoda tree, Japanese (Sophora japonica)
Yellowhorn, Shiny-leaf (Xantho-ceras sorbifolium)
Class No. 2-80%Alder, Thin-leaf (Alnus tenuifolia) Apricot, Siberian (Prunus sibirica) Aspen, Quaking (Populus tremuloides) Crabapple: Bechte] (Malus ioensis plena) Eley Purple (Malus purpurea eleyi) Niedzwetskyana (Mains pumila) Prairie (Malus ioensis) Siberian (Malus baccata) Hawthorn: Colorado (Crataegus coloradensis) Dotted (Crataegus punctata) Pauls Scarlet (Crataegus oxyacantha paulii) Lilac, Japanese tree (Syringa amurensis japonica) Locust, New Mexico (Robinia neomexicana) Mulberry, Weeping (Morus alba pendula) Walnut, Texas Black (Jughns rupestris) Willow, Laurel (Salix pentandra)
Class No. 3-60%Birch, Water (Betula fontinalis)
Crabapple, Japanese Flowering (Malus floribunda)
Hawthorn, Willow (Crataegus soligna)
Maple, Hedge (Acer campestre)
Plum, Newport American (Prunus americana)
Redbud, Eastern (Cercis cana-densis)
Yellowwood, American (Cladra-stis lutea)
Class No. 4—40%Alder, European (Alnus gluti-nosa) Beech, European (Fagus sylvatica) Catalpa, Southern (Catalpa big-nonioides)
Crabapple: (Malus sp. and var.) Arnold (Malus arnol-diana) Carmine (Malus astrosanguinea) Parkman Halls (Malus haUiana park-tnani)
Hickory (Carya sp.) Hornbeam, European (Carpinusbetulus)
Tree-of-heaven [Ailanthus] (Ai-lanthus altissima)
FOR HIGH ALTITUDES, MOUNTAIN AREAS, 6000 TO 9000 FEET
In many very high towns, the native evergreens are the only street trees possible.
LARGE TREES
Class No. 1—100%Poplar; Lance-leaf (Populus acuminata) Narrow-leaf (Populus an-
gustifolia)
Fir, Alpine (Abies lasiocarpa) Pine: Bristlecone (Pinus aristata) Limber (Pinus flexilis) Lodgepole (Pinus contorta latifolia) Poplar: Eugene (Populus canadensis eugenei) Southern [Balsam] (Populus deltoides mis-souriensis)
Spruce: Colorado (Picea pun-gens) Englemann (Picea englemanni)
Willow: Sharp-leaf (Salix acutifolia)
Yellow-stem White (Salix alba vitellina)
SMALL TREES
Class No. 1—100%Aspen, Quaking (Populus tremu-loides)
Class No. 2-80%Aspen, Big-tooth (Populus grandidentata) Willow, White (Salix alba)
FOR DRY PLAINS AREAS, 3500 TO 5000 FEETLARGE TREES
Class No. 1—100%Elm, Siberian (Ulmus pumila) Hackberry, Common (Celtis occidentalis) Locust, Common Honey (Gleditsia triacanthos) Poplar, Plains (Populus sargentii)
Class No. 2-80%Ash, Green (Fraxinus pennsylvanica lanceolata) Elm, American (Ulmus americana) Maple, Silver (Acer saccharinum)
SMALL TREES
Class No. 1—100%Olive, Russian (Eleagnus angus-tifolia)
Class No. 2-80%Mulberry, Russian (Morus alba tatarica)
REGION VI-WESTERNFAR NORTHERN SECTION ( BRITISH COLUMBIA)
Class No. 100%Beech, European (Fagus sylvatica) Dogwood, Pacific (Cornus nuttalln)
Elm, American (Ulmus americana) Hawthorn, English (Crataegusoxyacantha)
Maple: Hedge {Acer campestre) Red (Acer rubrum) Vine (Acer circinatum) Oak: Northern Red (Quercus borealis)
Pin (Quercus palustris) Scarlet (Quercus coccinea) Sweetgum (Liquidambar styracifiua)
Tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipi-fera)
Class No. 2-80%Ash, Flowering (Fraxinus ornus) Cedar, Eastern Red (Juniperus-virginiana) Fir, Common Douglas (Pseudot-suga taxifolia)
Holly, English (Ilex aquifolium) Horsechestnut, Red (Aesculus earned)
Locust, Black (Robinia pseudoacacia) Maple: Norway (Acer platanoides)
Silver (Acer saccharinum) Sugar (Acer saccharum)
Plane, London (Platanus acerifolia) Plum: Blireiana (Prunus blireiana)
Purple-leaf Myrobalan (Prunus cerasifera pis-sardii)
Class No. 3-60%Ash (Fraxinus sp.)
Birch, European White (Betula pendula)
Cypress, Lawson False (Cham-aecyparis lawsoniana)
Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba)
Laburnum, Goldenchain (Laburnum anagyroides)
Class No. 4—40%Boxelder (Acer negundo) Linden (Tilia sp.) Poplar (Populus sp.) Willow, Babylon Weeping (Salix babylonica)
NORTHERN SECTION ( OREGON-WASHINGTON)
Class No. 1—100%Maple: Montpelier (Acer monspessulanum) Schwedler Norway (Acer platanoides schwedleri) Plane, California [Sycamore]
(Platanus racemosa) Tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipi-jera)
Class No. 2-80%Birch, Cut-leaf European (Betula pendula gracilis) Cedar: Blue Atlas (Cedrus atlantica gkiuca) California Incense (Libocedrus decurrens) Cherries, Oriental (Prunus serrulata) Chestnut, Japanese (Castanea crenata) Cypress, Hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) Hawthorn, Washington (Crataegus phaenopyrum) Hornbeam, American (Carpinus caroliniana) Horsechestnut, Red (Aesculus carnea) Laburnum, Scotch (Laburnum alpinum) Magnolia, Kobus (Magnolia kobus) Maple: Hedge (Acer campestre) Japanese (Acer palmatum) Norway (Acer platanoides)
Red (Acer rub-rum) Sycamore (Acer pseudo-platanus)
Oak, English (Quercus robur) Plane, London (Platanus acerifolia) Plum: Blireiana (Prunus blireiana)
Purple-leaf Myrobalan (Prunus cerasifera pis* sardii) Spruce, Blue Colorado (Picea pungens glauca) Sweetgum (Liquidambar styraci-fiua)
Class No. 3-60%Ash, European Mountain (Sorbus aucuparia) Beech, Purple European (Fagus sylvatica atropunicea) Birch, Yellow (Betula lutea) Boxelder, Silver-leaf (Acer ne-gundo variegatum) Cedar, Deodar (Cedrus deodara) Cryptomeria (Cryptomeria japonica)
Cypress: Lawson False (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana) Sawara False (Chamaecyparis pisifera) Dogwood, Pacific (Cornus nuttallii) Hawthorn, English (Crataegus oxyacantha)
Laburnum, Goldenchain (Laburnum anagyroides) Locust: Black (Robinia pseudo-acacia) Honey (Gleditsia traicanthos) Madrona, Pacific (Arbutus menziesii)
Oak, Scarlet (Quercus coccinea) Pine, Austrian (Pinus nigra) Sassafras (Sassafras albidum)
Class No. 4—40%Araucaria, Monkey-puzzle (Araucaria araucana) Arborvitae, Giant (Thuja plicata) Catalpa, Southern (Catalpa bignonioides) Fir, Common Douglas (Pseudot-suga taxifolia) Horsechestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum)
Ivy, English (Hex aquifolium) Willow, Babylon Weeping (Salix babylonica)
Class No. 5—20%Ash, Oregon (Fraxinum oregona) Maple: Big-leaf (Acer macro-pkyllum) Silver (Acer saccharinum)
NORTHERN CALIFORNIA COASTAL SECTION
Class No. 1—100%Beech, Purple (Fagus sylvatica atropunicea) Cedar, California Incense (Libo-cedrus decurrens) Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) Hawthorn: English (Crataegtis oxyacantha) Lavalle (Crataegtis lavallei)
Washington (Crataegus phaenopyrum)
Hornbeam, American (Carpinus caroliniana)
Horsechestnut (Aesculus carnea) Linden, Little-leaf (Tilia cordata) Lyon tree, Fern-leaf (Lyonothamnus asplenifolius) Magnolia, Southern (Magnolia grandiftom) Oak: Holly (Quercus ilex)
Pin (Quercus palustris) Plum, Blireiana (Primus bliretana) Sweetgum,
American (Liquidambar styradflua) Tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipijera)
Yew, Irish English (Taxus baccata fastigiata)
Class No. 2-80%Ash, Velvet (Fraxinus velutina) Birch, European White (Betulapendula) Cajeput tree (Melaleuca leucadendron)
Carob (Ceratonia siliqua) Cedar: Atlas (Cedrus atlantica) Deodar (Cedrus deodara) Date, Canary (Phoenix canariensis)
Elm, Chinese (XJlmus parvifolia) Eucalyptus, Scarlet (Eucalyptus ficifolia) Goldenrain tree, Panicled (Koelreuteria paniculata) Holly, English (Ilex aquifolium) Madrona, Strawberry (Arbutus unedo)
Maple, Red (Acer rubrum) Pine: Canary (Pinus canariensis) Italian Stone (Pinus pined) Plane, London (Platanus acerifolia) Plum, Purple-leaf Myrobalan (Prunus cerasifera pissardii) Privet, Glossy (Ligustrum lucidum)
Redwood (Sequoia semperoirens) Sequoia, Gaint (Sequoia gigantea) Tea tree, Victoria (Leitospermum laevigatum)
Class No. 3-60%Camphor-tree (Cinnamomum camphora)
Cherry, Cataline (Prunus lyonii)
Elm, American (Ulmus ameri-cana)
Eucalyptus, Tasmanian Blue (Eucalyptus globulus)
Grevillea, Silk-oak (Grevillea ro-busta)
Hakea, Sea-urchin (Hakea laurina) Madrona, Pacific (Arbutus menziesii) Maple, Big-leaf (Acer macrophyllum) Palm: California Washington
(Washingtonia filifera) Washington (Washingtonia sp.) Pepper tree, California (Schinusmolle)
Pine, Monterey (Pinus radiata) Pittosporum, Orangeberry (Pittosporum undulatum) Spruce, Blue Colorado (Picea pungens glauca) Willow, Babylon Weeping (Salix babulonica)
Class No. 4—40%Acacia, Bailey (Acacia baileyana) Draecena, Giant (Cordyline aus-
tralis) Locust, Black (Robinia pseudoacacia) Palm, Fortunes Windmill (Trachy carpus fortunei)
Acacia, Blackwood (Acacia melanoxylon)
Boxelder (Acer negundo) Poplar, Lombardy (Populus nigraitalica)
NORTHERN CALIFORNIA INLAND SECTION
Class No. 1—100%Albizzia, Silk-tree (Albizzia julibrissin) Carob (Ceratonia siliqua)
Cedar, Blue Atlas (Cedrus atlantica glauca) Cherry, Holly-leaf (Prunus ilici-folia)
Eucalyptus, Pink Mulga Ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon rosea) Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) Hackberry: Chinese (Celtis sinensis) European (Celtisaustralis)
Hawthorn: Pauls Scarlet (Cra-taegus oxyacantha paulii)
Washington (Crataegus phaenopyrum)
Laurel, Grecian (Laurus nobilis)
Locust, Thornless Honey (Gleditsia triacanthos inermis) Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) Magnolia, Southern {Magnolia grandiftora)
Mayten, Chile (Maytenus boaria) Myrtle, Common Crape (Lagerstroemia indica) Oak: California Live (Quercus agrifolia) Canyon Live (Quercus chrysolepis) European Turkey (Quercuscerris)
Holly (Quercus ilex) Interior Live (Quercus wis-Hzeni) Shumard (Quercus shumar-dii)
Olive, Common (Olea europaea) Pagoda tree, Japanese (Sophora japonica)
Pecan (Carya iUinoensis) Pine: Aleppo (Pinus halepensis) Italian Stone (Pinus pinea) Pistache, Chinese (Pistada chinensis)
Pittosporum, Willy (Pittosporum phillyraeoides)
Podocarpus, Yew (Podocarpus macrophyllus) Privet, Glossy (Ligustrum lucvdum) Redbud, Eastern (Cercis canadensis) Tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera)
Class No. 2-80%Apricot, Japanese (Prunusmume)
Ash, Velvet (Fraxinus velutina) Birch, European White (Betula pendula) Camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora)
Cherry: Catalina (Prunus lyonii) Higan (Prunus subhirtelto) Oriental (Prunus serrulata) Yoshino (Prunus yedoensis) Crabapples, Flowering (Mains sp.) Elm: Chinese (Ulmus parvifolia)
English (Ulmus procera) Siberian (Ulmus pumtla) Smooth-leaf (Ulmus carpi-nifolia) Eucalyptus: Moitch (Eucalyptus rudius)
Pink Mulga Ironbark (Eucalyptus side-roxylon rosed) Ribbon (Eucalyptus viminalis) Goldenrain tree, Panicled (Koelreuteria paniculata) Horsechestnut, Red (Aesculus carnea)
Laburnum, Waterer (Laburnum water eri)
Locust, Decaisne Black (Robinia pseudoacacia decaisneana) Maple, Trident (Acer buergerianum) Mulberry, White [Fruitless] (Morus alba)
Oak: Bur (Quercus macrocarpa) California White (Quercus lobata)
English (Quercus robur) Peach, Flowering (Prunus persica) Persimmon, Kaki (Diospyros kaki) Pine: Canary (Ptnus canariensis)
Coulter (Pinus coulteri) Plum, Flowering (Prunus triloba) Sweetgum, American (Liquidambar styraciflua) Tanoak (Lithocarpus densifhrus) Thorn, Jerusalem (Parkinsonia aculeata)
Walnut, Persian (Juglans regia) Willow: Babylon Weeping (Salix babylonica) Yellow-stem Weeping (Salix alba vitellina) Zelkova, Japanese (Zelkova ser-rata)
Class No. 3-60%Almond (Prunus amygdalus) Arborvitae, Oriental (Thuja orientalis) Bottle tree, Kurrajong (Brachychiton populneum) Buckeye, California (Aesculus
calijornica) Cedar, California Incense (Libocedrus decurrens) Chestnut, European (Castanea sativa) Cypress, Common Bald (Taxodium distichum) Elm, American (Ulmus americana)
Grevillea, Silk-leaf (Grevillea robusta) Rackberry, Common (Celtis occidentalis) Horsechestnut, Common (Aesculus hippocastanum) Jujube, Common (Zizyphus jujuba) Maple: Big-leaf (Acer macrophyllum) Silver (Acer saccharinum)
Mulberry, Black (Morus nigra) Oak, Pin (Quercus palustris) Palm, California Washington
(Washingtonia filifera) Papermulberry, Common (Broussonetia papyrifera) Paulownia, Royal (Paulownia tomentosa) Plum, Pissard Purple-leaf (Prunns cerasifera atropurpurea) Redwood, Dawn (Metasequoia glyptostroboides) Walnut, Hinds Black (Juglans hindsii) Wing-nut, Chinese (Pterocarya stenoptera)
Class No. 4—40%Catalpa, Northern (Catalpa speciosa) Laurel, California (Umbellularia calif ornica) Pepper tree, California (Schinus moUe)
Plane: American [Sycamore] (Platanus occidenta-lis) California (Platanus racemosa) London (Platanus acerifolia) Poplar, Lombardy (Populus nigra italica) Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens)
Class No. 5—20%Chinaberry (Melia azedarach) Date, Canary (Phoenix canariensis)
Fig, Common (Ficus carica) Osage-Orange (Madura pomifera)
Pine, Digger (Pinus sabiniana) Tamarisk, Aiihel(Tamarixaphtjlla) Tree-of-heaven [Ailanthus] (Ai-lanthus altissima)
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA SECTION
Class No. 1—100%Ash, Shamel (Fraxinus uhdet) Carob (Ceratonia siliqua) Cedar, Deodar (Cedrus deodara) Magnolia, Southern (Magnolia grandifiora)
Oak, Holly (Quercus ilex) Palm, Mexican Washington
(Washingtonia robusta) Pittosporum, Orangeberry (Pittosporum undulatum) Podocarpus, Yew (Podocarpus macrophyllus) Sweetgum, American (Liquidam-bar styraciflua)
Class No. 2-80%Ash, Velvet (Fraxinus velutina) Camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora) Date, Canary (Phoenix canariensis)
Elm, Chinese (Ulmus parvifolta) Eucalyptus, Pink Mulga Ironbark
(Eucalyptus sideroxylon rosea) Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) Myrtle, Common Crape (Lagerstroemia indica) Pepper tree, Brazil (Schinus tere-binthifolia)
Pittosporum, Diamond-leaf (Pit-tosporum rhombifolium)
Privet, Japanese (Ligustrum ja-ponicum)
Class No. 3-60%Chestnut, Cape (Calodendrum capense)
Eucalyptus: Lehmann (Eucalyptus lehmanni) Scarlet (Eucalyptus ficifolia) Goldenrain tree, Panicled (KoeU reuteria paniculata) Pepper tree, California (Schinus molle)
Pine: Canary (Pinus canariensis)
Italian Stone (Pinus pinea)
Pistache, Chinese (Pistacia chinensis)
Tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipi-fera)
Class No. 4—40%Acacia, Cootamundra-wattle
(Acacia bailey ana) Alder, Sierra (Alnus rhombifolia) Cedar, California Incense (Libo-cedrus decurrens) Cherry, Carolina Laurel (Prunus caroliniana) Clethra, Lily-of-the-valley (Cle-thra arborm)
Oak, California Live (Quercus agrifolia) Palm: Fortunes Windmill (Tra-chycarpus fortunei) Queen (Arecastrum romanzoffianum) Tristania, Brisbanebox (Tristania conferta)
Zelkova, Japanese (Zelkova ser-rata)
Class No. 5—20%Acacia, Blackwood (Acacia melanoxylon) Bauhinia, Purple (Bauhinia purpurea) Beefwood, Coast (Casuarina stricta) Birch, European White (Betula pendula) Bottle tree, Kurrajong (Brachychiton populneum) Grevillea, Silk-oak (Grevillea robusta) Oak, California White (Quercus lobata) Palm, California Washington
(Washingtonia filifera) Pine, Aleppo (Pinus halepensis) Plane, London (Platanus acerifolia)
REGION VII-CANADAFOR ONTARIO, SOUTH OF OTTAWA
Class No. 1—100%Beech, Purple European (Fagus sylvatica atropunicea) Linden, Little-leaf (Tilia cordata)
Maple: Norway (Acer platanoides)
Schwedler Norway (Acer platanoides schwed-leri)
Sugar (Acer saccharum) Oak, Eastern Red (Quercus bore-alis maxima)
Ash: European Mountain (Sorbus aucuparia) White (Fraxinus americana)
Beech, European (Fagus sylva-tica)
Elm, American (Ulmus americana)
Hickory, Bitternut (Carya cordi-formis)
Hornbeam, American (Carpinus caroliniana)
Locust, Thornless Honey (Gledit-sia triacanthos inermis)
Oak, Pin (Quercus palustris)
Plane, American [Sycamore] (Platanus occidentalis)
Walnut, Black (]ughns nigra)
Class No. 3-60%Birch, European White (Betula pendula)
Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba)
Horsechestnut, Common (Aescu-lus hippocastanum)
Magnolia, Cucumber-tree (Magnolia acuminata)
Maple, Silver (Acer saccharinum)
Tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipi-fera)
Yellowwood, American (Cladras-tis lutea)
Class No. 4—40%Catalpa, Northern (Catalpa speciosa) Coffee tree, Kentucky (Gymnoc-ladus dioica) Elm, Siberian (Ulmus pumila)
Class No. 5—20%Boxelder (Acer negundo) Poplars (Populus sp.) Tree-of-heaven [Ailanthus] (Ai-lanthus altissima)
FOR VICINITY OF MONTREAL
Elm, American (Ulmus americana)
Linden: Crimean (Tilia euchlora) Little-leaf (Tilia cordata) Maple: Norway (Acer platanoides)
Schwedler Norway (Acer platanoides schwed-lerii)
Sugar (Acer saccharum) Oak, Eastern Red (Quercus bo-realis maxima)
Class No. 2-80%Ash, White (Fraxinus americana) Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba [male]) Hackberry, Common (Celtis occidentalis) Hawthorn, Washington (Crataegus phaenopyrum) Hickory, Bitternut (Carya cordiformis) Hophornbeam, American (Ostryaoirginiana) Lilac, Japanese Tree (Syringa amurensis japonica) Locust, Thornless Honey (Gleditsia triacanthos inermis) Pine, Scotch (Pinus sylvestris) Pear, Callery (Pyrus calleryana) Spruce, Blue Colorado (Picea pungens glauca)
Class No. 3-60%Ash, Green (Fraxinus pennsylvanica hnceolata) Crabapple, Siberian (Malus baccata) Dogwood, Giant (Cornus controversa)
Maple, Silver (Acer saccharinum)
Walnut, Black (Juglans nigra) Yellowwood, American (Cladrastis lutea)
Class No. 4—40%Catalpa, Northern (Catalpa speciosa) Coffee tree, Kentucky (Gymnocladus dioica) Cork tree, Sakhalin (Fhettodendron sachalinense) Horsechestnut, Common (Aesculus hippocastanum)
Willow: Laurel (Salix pentandra) Thurlow Weeping (Salix elegantisdma)
White (Salix alba) Wisconsin Weeping (Salix blanda)
Class No. 5—20%Birch: Ermans (Betula ertnani) European White (Betula pendula) Locust, Decaisne Black (Robinia pseudoacacia decaisneana) Poplars (Populus sp.)
As explained in the text on p. 40, Professor Ben Stout of Rutgers showed, by exposing and tracing out 25 forest trees' root systems, that the latter reached into areas 3.4 to 40.7 times as great as the ground-space under their crowns. In Mr. Stout's diagrams on this and the next page, dotted lines show crown areas, solid lines the major roots. Graphs give stem (—0—) and root (—x—) growth data in feet and years.
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1692 1912 1932 1952
NO. 23 WHITE
HT. 45' D.BH 5.8"
NO. 16 SUGAR
MAPLE:
HT.38' DBH 5.8"